![]() The papacy extended its theoretical and practical authority, reaching an apogee in the thirteenth century, before plunging into a series of crises and conflicts thereafter. ![]() Below, we’ll take a closer look at some key regions on the map, and what was happening in these. Across various kingdoms royal power was extended and consolidated, developing and incorporating more elaborated and ‘bureaucratic’ mechanisms of control, laying the foundation for some future ‘nation states’, whilst still always retaining strongly charismatic and intrapersonal elements. This map, shared by Reddit user /ratkatavobratka, provides a historical snapshot of Europe in 1444a time when European society was made up mostly of independent territories that were governed by landowners rather than a centralized authority. Ancient cities expanded and new towns sprang up, dependent partly on trading links which extended all the way to north Africa and China towns provided a basis for more elaborated forms of culture, intellectual life, law and non-elite politics. Population levels grew very swiftly across the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, often to levels not again reached until the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries only to come tumbling down in a series of fourteenth-century demographic shocks (the Black Death being the most famous). medieval logic, in the history of Western philosophy, the concepts, principles, and systems of logical argumentation that were studied and developed primarily by Arabic philosophers from about the 9th century ce and by Latin philosophers from approximately the 12th century ce through the end of the European Middle Ages. From the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, medieval Europe underwent profound and fundamental changes, from the highest to the lowest.
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